Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide, omwe mankhwala ake opangidwa ndi NaOH, amadziwika kuti caustic soda, caustic soda ndi caustic soda. Akasungunuka, amatulutsa fungo la ammonia. Ndi caustic wamphamvualkali, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala mu mawonekedwe a flake kapena granular. Imasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi (ikamasungunuka m'madzi, imatulutsa kutentha) ndikupanga njira ya alkaline. Komanso, ndi deliquescent ndipo mosavuta kuyamwa madzi nthunzi (deliquescence) ndi carbon dioxide (kuwonongeka) mu mlengalenga. NaOH ndi imodzi mwamankhwala ofunikira m'ma laboratories amankhwala, komanso ndi amodzi mwamankhwala omwe amapezeka. Chopangidwa choyera ndi chopanda mtundu komanso chowonekera. Kachulukidwe 2.130 g/cm. Malo osungunuka 318.4 ℃. Malo otentha ndi 1390 ℃. Zogulitsa zamakampani zimakhala ndi sodium chloride pang'ono ndi sodium carbonate, zomwe zimakhala zoyera komanso zowoneka bwino. Pali blocky, flaky, granular ndi ndodo ngati ndodo. Mtundu wa 40.01
Sodium hydroxideangagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati alkaline kuyeretsa wothandizila madzi mankhwala, amene kusungunuka Mowa ndi glycerol; Insoluble mu propanol ndi ether. Imawononganso carbon ndi sodium pa kutentha kwakukulu. Disproportionation reaction ndi halogen monga klorini, bromine ndi ayodini. Neutralize ndi zidulo kupanga mchere ndi madzi.
Thupi katundu apinda
Sodium hydroxide ndi yoyera yowoneka ngati crystalline yolimba. Yake amadzimadzi njira ali astringent kukoma ndi sany kumverera.
Kupinda konyowa Ndikonyowa mumlengalenga.
Kupinda madzi mayamwidwe
Solid alkali ndi hygroscopic kwambiri. Ikalowa mumlengalenga, imatenga mamolekyu amadzi mumlengalenga, ndipo pamapeto pake imasungunuka kukhala yankho, koma sodium hydroxide yamadzimadzi ilibe hygroscopicity.
Kusungunuka kwapakatikati
Kupinda kwa alkalinity
Sodium hydroxide idzasiyanitsidwa kwathunthu ndi ayoni a sodium ndi ayoni a hydroxide ikasungunuka m'madzi, motero imakhala ndi alkali.
Itha kuchitapo kanthu pa acid-base neutralization reaction ndi protonic acid (yomwe ilinso yapawiri kuwonongeka):
NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H₂O
2NaOH + H₂SO₄=Na₂SO₄+2H₂O
NaOH + HNO₃=NaNO₃+H₂O
Momwemonso, yankho lake limatha kuwonongeka kawiri ndi yankho la mchere:
NaOH + NH₄Cl = NaCl +NH₃·H₂O
2NaOH + CuSO₄= Cu(OH)₂↓+ Na₂SO₄
2NaOH+MgCl₂= 2NaCl+Mg(OH)₂↓
Kupinda kwa saponification reaction
Muzochitika zambiri zamoyo, sodium hydroxide imagwiranso ntchito yofanana ndi chothandizira, chomwe chimayimilira kwambiri ndi saponification:
RCOOR' + NaOH = RCOONA + R'OH
Kugwetsa zina
Chifukwa chomwe sodium hydroxide imawonongeka mosavuta kukhala sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) mumlengalenga ndi chifukwa mpweya uli ndi carbon dioxide (co):
2NaOH + CO₂ = Na₂CO₃ + H₂O
Ngati mpweya wochuluka wa carbon dioxide utulutsidwa mosalekeza, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), yomwe imadziwika kuti soda, idzapangidwa, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala motere:
Na₂CO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O = 2NaHCO₃
Mofananamo, sodium hydroxide imatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi ma acidic oxides monga silicon dioxide (SiO₂) ndi sulfure dioxide (SO):
2NaOH + SiO₂ = Na₂SiO₃ + H₂O
2 NaOH+SO (trace) = Na₂SO₃+H₂O
NaOH+SO₂ (mochuluka) = NaHSO₃ (yopangidwa NASO ndi madzi amachita ndi SO mopitirira muyeso kuti apange nahSO)
